[1] Sexual violence is an encompassing term the victim support community widely uses, but has no legal ramifications.

[2] National Sexual Violence Resource Center, 2010, What is Sexual Violence?Retrieved June 6, 2017, from LINK

[3] Lydia Guy, 2008, “Re-visioning the Sexual Violence Continuum,” Shifting the Paradigm: Primary Prevention of Sexual Violence,Linthicum, MD: American College of Health Association, 10-11. Retrieved October 11, 2016, from LINK

[4] Washington Coalition of Sexual Assault Programs, 2015, What is Sexual Violence, Sexual Abuse, and Sexual Assault? Retrieved October 12, 2016, from LINK

[5] Matthew J. Breiding, Sharon G. Smith, Kathleen C. Basile, Mikel L. Walters, Jieru Chen, and Melissa T. Merrick, 2014, “Prevalence and Characteristics of Sexual Violence, Stalking, and Intimate Partner Violence Victimization: National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey, United States, 2011,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report63(8): 1–18. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 6. Retrieved October 11, 2016, from LINK

[6] Pennsylvania Coalition Against Rape, n.d., Oppression and Sexual Violence. Retrieved October 27, 2016, from LINK

[7] Rachel Davis, Lisa Fujie Parks, and Larry Cohen, 2006, Sexual Violence and the Spectrum of Prevention: Towards a Community Solution, Enola, PA: National Sexual Violence Resource Center. Retrieved October 13, 2016, from LINK

[8] Pennsylvania Coalition Against Rape, n.d., Racism and Sexual Violence: What's the Connection?Retrieved May 26, 2017, from LINK

[9] Katie A. Ports, Derek C. Ford, and Melissa T. Merric, 2016, “Adverse Childhood Experiences and Sexual Victimization in Adulthood,” Child Abuse & Neglect 51: 313-322.

[10] 18 U.S. Code Chapter 109A – Sexual Abuse, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Law School. Retrieved October 17, 2016, from LINK

[11] Rape, Abuse and Incest National Network, n.d., What Consent Looks Like.Retrieved November 28, 2016, from LINK

[12] National Sexual Violence Resource Center, 2015, Info and Stats for Journalists: What is Sexual Violence? Retrieved October 7, 2016, from LINK

Rape, Abuse and Incest National Network, n.d., Legal Role of Consent. Retrieved March 17, 2017 from LINK

[13] Rape, Abuse and Incest National Network, n.d., Guide to State Laws.Retrieved December 6, 2016, from LINK

[14] Joanne Archambault and Kimberly A. Lonsway, 2016, Law and Investigative Strategy: What Kind of Sexual Assault Is This?Colville, WA: End Violence Against Women International. Retrieved March 17, 2017, from LINK

[15] Bill Redeker, August 28, 2003, “Rapist Convicted on Victim's Testimony,” ABC News.Retrieved on April 8, 2017, from LINK

[16] Jennifer Truman and Rachel Morgan, October 2016, Criminal Victimization, 2015,Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs. Retrieved October 27, 2016, from LINK

[17] Jane Wiseman, July 2015, Incidence and Prevalence of Sexual Offending (Part II), Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Sex Offender Sentencing, Monitoring, Apprehending, Registering, and Tracking. Retrieved December 6, 2016, from LINK

[18] International Association of Chiefs of Police, 2000, What Do Victims Want? Effective Strategies to Achieve Justice for Victims of Crime. Retrieved October 21, 2016, from LINK

[19] Thema Bryant-Davis, 2005, Thriving in the Wake of Trauma: A Multicultural Guide, Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.

[20] Dean Mobbs, Jennifer L. Marchant, Demis Hassabis, Ben Seymour, Geoffrey Tan, Marcus Gray, Predrag Petrovic, Raymond J. Dolan, and Christopher D. Frith, 2009, “From Threat to Fear: The Neural Organization of Defensive Fear Systems in Humans,” The Journal of Neuroscience29(39):12236–12243. Retrieved June 29, 2017, from LINK

[21] Lars Schwabe, 2017, “Memory Under Stress: From Single Systems to Network Changes,” European Journal of Neuroscience45(4) ,478-489.

[22] Kasia Kozlowska, Peter Walker, Loyola McLean, and Pascal Carrive, 2015, “Fear and the Defense Cascade: Clinical Implications and Management,” Harvard Review of Psychiatry23(4): 263–287. Retrieved June 29, 2017, from LINK

[23] Amy F.T. Arnsten, 2009, “Stress Signaling Pathways That Impair Prefrontal Cortex Structure and Function,” Nature Reviews Neuroscience10(6): 410–422. Retrieved June 29, 2017, from LINK

[24] Jocelyn A. Hollander, 2014, “Does Self-Defense Training Prevent Sexual Violence Against Women?” Violence Against Women20(3): 252–269.

Charlene Y. Senn, Misha Eliasziw, Paula C. Barata, Wilfreda E. Thurston, Ian R. Newby-Clark, H. Lorraine Radtke, and Karen L. Hobden, 2015, “Efficacy of a Sexual Assault Resistance Program for University Women,” New England Journal of Medicine372(24): 2326–2335. Retrieved June 29, 2017, from LINK

[25] Kasia Kozlowska, Peter Walker, Loyola McLean, and Pascal Carrive, 2015, “Fear and the Defense Cascade: Clinical Implications and Management,” Harvard Review of Psychiatry23(4): 263–287. Retrieved June 29, 2017, from LINK

[26] Jessica D. Payne, Alexis M. Chambers, and Elizabeth A. Kensinger, 2012, “Sleep Promotes Lasting Changes in Selective Memory for Emotional Scenes,” Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience6: 1–11. Retrieved June 29, 2017, from LINK

Kelly A. Bennion, Katherine R. Mickley Steinmetz, Elizabeth A. Kensinger, and Jessica D. Payne, 2015, “Sleep and Cortisol Interact to Support Memory Consolidation,” Cerebral Cortex25(3): 646–657.

Tony J. Cunningham, Charles R. Cromwell, Sara E. Alger, Elizabeth A. Kensinger, Michael A. Villano, Stephen M. Mattingly, and Jessica D. Payne, 2014, “Psychophysiological Arousal at Encoding Leads to Reduced Reactivity but Enhanced Emotional Memory Following Sleep,” Neurobiology of Learning and Memory114: 155–164.

[27] David M. Diamond, Adam M. Campbell, Collin R. Park, Joshua Halonen, and Phillip R. Zoladz, 2007, “The Temporal Dynamics Model of Emotional Memory Processing: A Synthesis on the Neurobiological Basis of Stress-Induced Amnesia, Flashbulb and Traumatic Memories, and the Yerkes-Dodson Law,” Neural Plasticity2007: 1–33. Retrieved June 29, 2017, from LINK

Marian Joëls, R. Angela Sarabdjitsingh, and Henk Karst, 2012, “Unraveling the Time Domains of Corticosteroid Hormone Influences on Brain Activity: Rapid, Slow, and Chronic Modes,” Pharmacological Reviews64(4): 901–938. Retrieved June 29, 2017, from LINK

Lars Schwabe, Marian Joëls, Benno Roozendaal, Oliver T. Wolf, and Melly S. Oitzl, 2012, “Stress Effects on Memory: An Update and Integration,” Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews36(7): 1740–1749.

[28] David M. Diamond, Adam M. Campbell, Collin R. Park, Joshua Halonen, and Phillip R. Zoladz, 2007, “The Temporal Dynamics Model of Emotional Memory Processing: A Synthesis on the Neurobiological Basis of Stress-Induced Amnesia, Flashbulb and Traumatic Memories, and the Yerkes-Dodson Law,” Neural Plasticity2007: 1–33. Retrieved June 29, 2017, from LINK

Marian Joëls, R. Angela Sarabdjitsingh, and Henk Karst, 2012, “Unraveling the Time Domains of Corticosteroid Hormone Influences on Brain Activity: Rapid, Slow, and Chronic Modes,” Pharmacological Reviews64(4): 901–938. Retrieved June 29, 2017, from LINK

Lars Schwabe, Marian Joëls, Benno Roozendaal, Oliver T. Wolf, and Melly S. Oitzl, 2012, “Stress Effects on Memory: An Update and Integration,” Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews36(7): 1740–1749.

[29] David M. Diamond, Adam M. Campbell, Collin R. Park, Joshua Halonen, and Phillip R. Zoladz, 2007, “The Temporal Dynamics Model of Emotional Memory Processing: A Synthesis on the Neurobiological Basis of Stress-Induced Amnesia, Flashbulb and Traumatic Memories, and the Yerkes-Dodson Law,” Neural Plasticity2007: 1–33. Retrieved June 29, 2017, from LINK

[30] David M. Diamond, Adam M. Campbell, Collin R. Park, Joshua Halonen, and Phillip R. Zoladz, 2007, “The Temporal Dynamics Model of Emotional Memory Processing: A Synthesis on the Neurobiological Basis of Stress-Induced Amnesia, Flashbulb and Traumatic Memories, and the Yerkes-Dodson Law,” Neural Plasticity2007: 1-33. Retrieved June 29, 2017, from LINK

James Hopper and David Lisak, December 9, 2014, “Why Rape and Trauma Survivors Have Fragmented and Incomplete Memories,” Time. Retrieved May 31, 2017, from LINK

[32] James A. Bisby, Chris R. Brewin, Julie R. Leitz, and H. Valerie Curran, 2009, “Acute Effects of Alcohol on the Development of Intrusive Memories,” Psychopharmacology204: 655–666.

James A. Bisby, John A. King, Chris R. Brewin, Neil Burgess, and H. Valerie Curran, 2010, “Acute Effects of Alcohol on Intrusive Memory Development and Viewpoint Dependence in Spatial Memory Support a Dual Representation Model,” Biological Psychiatry68(3): 280–286.

[33] James L. McGaugh, 2015, “Consolidating Memories,” Annual Review of Psychology66: 1–24.

[34] Lars Schwabe, 2016, “Memory Under Stress: From Single Systems to Network Changes,” European Journal of Neuroscience45(4): 478–489.

[35] James L. McGaugh, 2015, “Consolidating Memories,” Annual Review of Psychology66: 1–24.

[36] Ted Abel, Robbert Havekes, Jared M. Saletin, and Matthew P. Walker, 2013, “Sleep, Plasticity and Memory Networks From Molecules to Whole-Brain Networks,” Current Biology23(17): R774–R788. Retrieved June 29, 2017, from LINK

[37] Jessica D. Payne, Alexis M. Chambers, and Elizabeth A. Kensinger, 2012, “Sleep Promotes Lasting Changes in Selective Memory for Emotional Scenes,” Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience6: 1–11. Retrieved June 29, 2017, from LINK

Kelly A. Bennion, Katherine R. Mickley Steinmetz, Elizabeth A. Kensinger, and Jessica D. Payne, 2013, “Sleep and Cortisol Interact to Support Memory Consolidation,” Cerebral Cortex25(3): 646–657.

Tony J. Cunningham, Charles R. Cromwell, Sara E. Alger, Elizabeth A. Kensinger, Michael A. Villano, Stephen M. Mattingly, and Jessica D. Payne, 2014, “Psychophysiological Arousal at Encoding Leads to Reduced Reactivity but Enhanced Emotional Memory Following Sleep,” Neurobiology of Learning and Memory114: 155–164.

Andrea N. Goldstein and Matthew P. Walker, 2014, “The Role of Sleep in Emotional Brain Function,” Annual Review of Clinical Psychology10: 679-708. Retrieved June 29, 2017, from LINK

[38] Christopher Wilson, Kimberly A. Lonsway, Joanne Archambault, and James Hopper, 2016, Understanding the Neurobiology of Trauma and Implications for Interviewing Victims, Colville, WA: End Violence Against Women International. Retrieved June 28, 2017, from LINK

[39] Christopher Wilson, Kimberly A. Lonsway, Joanne Archambault, and James Hopper, 2016, Understanding the Neurobiology of Trauma and Implications for Interviewing Victims, Colville, WA: End Violence Against Women International. Retrieved June 28, 2017, from LINK

[40] Jeffrey D. Karpicke and Henry L. Roediger III, 2008, “The Critical Importance of Retrieval for Learning,” Science319(5865): 966–968.

[41] Yadin Dudai, 2012, “The Restless Engram: Consolidations Never End,” Annual Review of Neuroscience35: 227–247.

[42] Amy Smith, Victoria A. Floerke, and Ayanna K. Thomas, 2016, “Retrieval Practice Protects Memory Against Acute Stress,” Science354 (6315): 1046–1048.

[43] National Sexual Violence Resource Center, n.d., Lifepsan: Tools for Trauma-Informed Practice. Retrieved November 1, 2016, from LINK

[44] John Mundt, October, 2013, What Are “Triggers” When Dealing With Post Traumatic Stress?Retrieved November 1, 2016, from LINK

[45] Rebecca Campbell and Sharon Wasco, 2005, "Understanding Rape and Sexual Assault: 20 Years of Progress and Future Directions," Journal of Interpersonal Violence20(1): 127–131.

[46] Michelle J. Bovin and Brian P. Marx, 2011, “The Importance of Peritraumatic Experience in Defining Traumatic Stress,” Psychological Bulletin137(1): 47–67.

[47] University of Michigan Sexual Assault Prevention and Awareness Center, n.d., Common Reactions to Sexual Assault. Retrieved October 21, 2016, from LINK

[48] New York City Alliance Against Sexual Assault, n.d., Factsheets: Anger and Trauma.New York, NY.

[49] Sherry Russell, n.d, Grief and Sexual Abuse.Retrieved October 21, 2016, from LINK

[50] WebMD, n.d., What is Normal Grieving, and What are the Stages of Grief?Retrieved October 21, 2016, from LINK

[51] Dan J. Stein, Karestan C. Koenen, Matthew J. Friedman, Eric Hill, Katie A. McLaughlin, Maria Petukhova, Ayelet Meron Ruscio, Victoria Shahly, David Spiegel, Guilherme Borges, Brendan Bunting, Jose Miguel Caldas-de-Almeida, Giovanni de Girolamo, Koen Demyttenaere, Silvia Florescu, Josep Maria Haro, Elie G. Karam, Viviane Kovess-Masfety, Sing Lee, Herbert Matschinger, Maya Mladenova, Jose Posada-Villa, Hisateru Tachimori, Maria Carmen Viana, and Ronald C. Kessler, 2013, “Dissociation in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Evidence From the World Mental Health Surveys,” Biological Psychiatry73(4): 302–312. Retrieved June 29, 2017, from LINK

[52] Ruth A. Lanius, Bethany Brand, Eric Vermetten, Paul A. Frewen, and David Spiegel, 2012, “The Dissociative Subtype of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Rationale, Clinical and Neurobiological Evidence, and Implications,” Depression and Anxiety29(8): 701–708.

Andrew A. Nicholson, Maria Densmore, Paul A. Frewen, Jean Théberge, Richard W.J. Neufeld, Margaret C. McKinnon, and Ruth A. Lanius, 2015, “The Dissociative Subtype of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Unique Resting-State Functional Connectivity of Basolateral and Centromedial Amygdala Complexes,” Neuropsychopharmacology40(10): 2317–2326. Retrieved June 29, 2017, from LINK

Sherain Harricharan, Daniela Rabellino, Paul A. Frewen, Maria Densmore, Jean Théberge, Margaret C. McKinnon, Allan N. Schore, and Ruth A. Lanius, 2016, “fMRI Functional Connectivity of the Periaqueductal Gray in PTSD and its Dissociative Subtype,” Brain and Behavior6(12): 1–16. Retrieved June 29, 2017, from LINK

[53] Rebecca Campbell, 1998, "The Community Response to Rape: Victims' Experiences with the Legal, Medical, and Mental Health Systems," American Journal of Community Psychology26(3): 355–379.

Dean Kilpatrick and Anne Seymour, April 1992, Rape in America: A Report to the Nation,Arlington, VA: National Victim Center. Retrieved June 29, 2017, from LINK

[54] Human Rights Watch, May 2016, Booted: Lack of Recourse for Wrongfully Discharged U.S. Military Rape Survivors. Retrieved October 21, 2016, from LINK

[55] National Sexual Violence Resource Center and Pennsylvania Coalition Against Rape, 2012, The Process of Coming Out: Sexual Violence and Individuals Who Identify as LGBTQ. Retrieved October 21, 2016, from LINK

[56] University of California, San Francisco, 1998, “Coping Strategies,” Research: Psychosocial Notebook. Retrieved November 30, 2016, from LINK

[57] Katherine Lorenz, and Sarah Ullman, 2016, "Exploring Correlates of Alcohol-Specific Social Reactions in Alcohol-Involved Sexual Assaults," Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma25(10): 1058–1078.

[58] Patrick O'Leary, and James Barber, 2008, "Gender Differences in Silencing Following Childhood Sexual Abuse," Journal of Child Sexual Abuse 17(2): 133-143.

[59] Ananda Amstadter, and Laura Vernon, 2008, "A Preliminary Examination of Thought Suppression, Emotion Regulation, and Coping in a Trauma-Exposed Sample," Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma17(3): 279–295.

[60] Thema Bryant-Davis, 2005, Thriving in the Wake of Trauma: A Multicultural Guide,Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 146.

[61] Thema Bryant-Davis, 2005, Thriving in the Wake of Trauma: A Multicultural Guide,Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 146.

[62] Office for Victims of Crime, n.d. “Trauma-Informed Care,” SANE Program Development and Operation Guide. Retrieved June 23, 2017, from LINK

[63] National Sexual Assault Coalition Resource Sharing Project, and National Sexual Violence Resource Center, 2013, Building Cultures of Care: A Guide for Sexual Assault Services Programs. Retrieved June 23, 2017, from LINK

[64] National Sexual Assault Coalition Resource Sharing Project, and National Sexual Violence Resource Center, 2013, Building Cultures of Care: A Guide for Sexual Assault Services Programs. Retrieved June 23, 2017, from LINK

[65] National Sexual Assault Coalition Resource Sharing Project, and National Sexual Violence Resource Center, 2013, Building Cultures of Care: A Guide for Sexual Assault Services Programs. Retrieved October 21, 2016, from LINK

[66] NHS Lankashire, April 2015, Trauma and the Brain: Understanding Abuse Survivors’ Responses. Retrieved October 21, 2016, from LINK

[67] NHS Lankashire, April 2015, Trauma and the Brain: Understanding Abuse Survivors’ Responses. Retrieved October 21, 2016, from LINK

[68] Michigan Domestic and Sexual Violence Prevention and Treatment Board, Prosecuting Attorneys Association of Michigan, n.d., In-Service/Roll Call Training Video: Adult Sexual Assault: A Trauma-Informed Approach. Retrieved December 14, 2016, from LINK

[69] Rebecca Campbell, December 2012, The Neurobiology of Sexual Assault, Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice. Retrieved December 14, 2016, LINK

[70] Lynn Langton and Jennifer Truman, September 2014, Socio-emotional Impact of Violent Crime, Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Retrieved November 4, 2016, from LINK

[71] National Sexual Violence Resource Center, 2010, The Impact of Sexual Violence: Fact Sheet. Retrieved November 4, 2016, LINK

[72] National Sexual Violence Resource Center, 2010, The Impact of Sexual Violence: Fact Sheet. Retrieved November 4, 2016, LINK

[73] National Sexual Violence Resource Center, n.d., Exploring the Links: Eating Disorders and Sexual Violence.Retrieved January 17, 2017, from LINK

[74] Matthew J. Breiding, Jieru Chen, and Michele C. Black, February 2014, Intimate Partner Violence in the United States — 2010, Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved October 28, 2016, from LINK

[75] Rebecca Campbell, Emily Dworkin, and Giannina Cabral, 2009, “An Ecological Model of the Impact of Sexual Assault on Women’s Mental Health,” Trauma, Violence, & Abuse10(3): 225 – 246.

[76] United Nations Office For Drug Control and Crime Prevention, 1999, Handbook on Justice for Victims: On the Use and Application of the Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power, Retrieved December 6, 2016, from LINK

[77] United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention, 1999, Handbook on Justice for Victims: On the Use and Application of the Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power. Retrieved December 6, 2016, from LINK

[78] Rachel Jewkes, Ivy Josiah, Fatma Khafagi, Nadine France, and Maria de Bruyn, 2002, “Chapter 6: Sexual Violence,” World Report on Violence and Health.Retrieved December 6, 2016, from LINK

Jacquelyn Campbell, Alison Snow Jones, Jacqueline Dienemann, Joan Kub, Janet Schollenberger, Patricia O’Campo, Andrea Carlson Gielen, and Clifford Wynne, 2002, “Intimate Partner Violence and Physical Health Consequences,” Archives of Internal Medicine162(10): 1157– 1163.

Molly L. Paras, Mohammad Hassan Murad, Laura P. Chen, Erin N. Goranson, Amelia L. Sattler, Kristina M. Colbenson, Mohamed B. Elamin, Richard J. Seime, Larry J. Prokop, and Ali Zirakzadeh, 2009, “Sexual Abuse and Lifetime Diagnosis of Somatic Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis,” The Journal of the American Medical Association302(5): 550 –561.

Ann L. Coker, Claudia Hopenhayn, Christopher P. DeSimone, Heather M. Bush, and Leslie Crofford, 2009, “Violence Against Women Raises Risk of Cervical Cancer,” Journal of Women’s Health18(8): 1179 –1185.

Jeanie Santaularia, Monica Johnson, Laurie Hart, Lori Haskett, Erika Welsh, and Babalola Faseru, 2014, “Relationships Between Sexual Violence and Chronic Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study,” BMC Public Health14:1286 –1292. Retrieved December 6, 2016, from LINK

Marilyn Sawyer Sommers, 2007, “Defining Patterns of Genital Injury from Sexual Assault: A Review,” Trauma, Violence, & Abuse8(3): 270–280.

[79] Callie Marie Rennison, August 2002, Rape and Sexual Assault: Reporting to Police and Medical Attention, 1992-2000, Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Retrieved November 18, 2016, from LINK

[80] Melisa M. Holmes, Heidi S. Resnick, Dean G. Kilpatrick, and Connie L. Best, 1996, “Rape-Related Pregnancy: Estimates and Descriptive Characteristics from a National Sample of Women,” American Journal of Obstetric Gynecology175(2): 320–325.

[81] Jonathan A. Gottschall and Tiffani A. Gottschall, 2003, “Are Per-Incident Rape-Pregnancy Rates Higher Than Per-Incident Consensual Pregnancy Rates?” Human Nature14(1):1 –20.

[82] Arlene C. Seña, Katherine K. Hsu, Nancy Kellogg, Rebecca Girardet, Cindy W. Christian, Judith Linden, William Griffith, Anne Marchant, Carole Jenny, and Margaret R. Hammerschlag, 2015, “Sexual Assault and Sexually Transmitted Infections in Adults, Adolescents, and Children,” Clinical Infectious Diseases61(S8): S856–S864.

[83] Rebecca M. Loya, 2015, “Rape as an Economic Crime: The Impact of Sexual Violence on Survivors’ Employment and Economic Well-Being,” Journal of Interpersonal Violence30(16): 2793 –2813.

[84] Dean G. Kilpatrick, Ron Acierno, Heidi S. Resnick, Benjamin E Saunders, and Connie L. Best, 1997, “A 2-Year Longitudinal Analysis of the Relationships Between Violent Assault and Substance Use in Women,” Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology65(5): 834 – 847.

[85] Randall Waechter and Van Ma, 2015, “Sexual Violence in America: Public Funding and Social Priority,” American Journal of Public Health105(12): 2430 – 2437.

[86] Cora Peterson, Sarah DeGue, Curtis Florence, and Colby N. Lokey, 2017, “Lifetime Economic Burden of Rape Among U.S. Adults,” American Journal of Preventive Medicine52(6): 691 – 701. Retrieved June 22, 2017, from LINK

[87] California Coalition Against Sexual Assault, 2018, The Cost and Consequences of Sexual Violence in California.Retrieved April 25, 2018, from LINK

[88] Laura Hilgers, June 24, 2016, “What One Rape Cost Our Family,” The New York Times.Retrieved May 22, 2017, from LINK

[89] National Sexual Violence Resource Center, n.d., xCHANGE Podcast with Dr. Rebecca Loya, Part One. Retrieved January 17, 2017, from LINK

[90] National Sexual Violence Resource Center, n.d., xCHANGE Podcast with Dr. Rebecca Loya, Part Two. Retrieved January 17, 2017, from LINK

[91] Kimberly Lonsway, Joanne Archambault, and Kristin Littel, 2007, 2017, Sustaining a Coordinated Community Response: Sexual Assault Response and Resource Teams (SARRT), End Violence Against Women International. Retrieved June 22, 2018, from LINK

[92] Office for Victims of Crime, n.d., “Glossary of Key Terms,” SANE Program Development and Operation Guide. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved June 21, 2017, from LINK

[93] Jennifer Cole and T.K. Logan, 2010, “Interprofessional Collaboration on Sexual Assault Response Teams (SART): The Role of Victim Alcohol Use and a Partner-Perpetrator,” Journal of Interpersonal Violence25(2): 336–357.

[94] Russell W. Strand, n.d., The Forensic Experiential Trauma Interview (FETI). Retrieved February 27, 2017, from LINK

[95] Megan Greeson and Rebecca Campbell, 2012, “Sexual Assault Response Teams (SARTs): An Empirical Review of Their Effectiveness and Challenges to Successful Implementation,” Trauma, Violence, & Abuse12(2): 83–95.

[96] Megan Greeson and Rebecca Campbell, 2015, “Coordinated Community Efforts to Respond to Sexual Assault: A National Study of Sexual Assault Response Team Implementation,” Journal of Interpersonal Violence30(14): 2470–2487.

[97] Megan Greeson and Rebecca Campbell, 2015, “Coordinated Community Efforts to Respond to Sexual Assault: A National Study of Sexual Assault Response Team Implementation,” Journal of Interpersonal Violence30(14): 2470–2487.

[98] Megan Greeson and Rebecca Campbell, 2015, “Coordinated Community Efforts to Respond to Sexual Assault: A National Study of Sexual Assault Response Team Implementation,” Journal of Interpersonal Violence30(14): 2470–2487.

[99] Megan Greeson and Rebecca Campbell, 2012, “Sexual Assault Response Teams (SARTs): An Empirical Review of Their Effectiveness and Challenges to Successful Implementation,” Trauma, Violence, & Abuse12(2): 83–95.

[100] Office on Violence Against Women, 2013, A National Protocol for Sexual Assault Medical Forensic Examinations Adult/Adolescent, Second Edition,Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved November 7, 2016, from LINK

[101] Office on Violence Against Women, 2016, A National Protocol for Sexual Abuse Medical Forensic Examinations - Pediatric,Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved November 7, 2016, from LINK

[102] Michael W. Cotter and John Engen, May 15, 2013, Memorandum of Understanding Between the United States Department of Justice and the City of Missoula Regarding the Missoula Police Department’s Response to Sexual Assault.Retrieved March 3, 2017, from LINK

[103] Oregon Attorney General’s Sexual Assault Task Force, 2009, SART Handbook. Retrieved February 27, 2017, from LINK

[104] Office for Victims of Crime, Training and Technical Assistance Center, “Victim-Centered Approach,” Human Trafficking Task Force e-Guide: Strengthening Collaborative Responses.Retrieved June 7, 2017 from LINK

[105] Oregon Attorney General’s Sexual Assault Task Force, 2009, Sexual Assault Response Team: SART Handbook: Version III. Retrieved March 31, 2017, from LINK

[106] Rebecca Campbell, Megan Greeson, Deborah Bybee, and Jennifer Watling Neal, 2013, Sexual Assault Response Team (SART) Implementation and Collaborative Process: What Works Best for the Criminal Justice System?Retrieved February 27, 2017, from LINK

[107] U.S. Department of Homeland Security, n.d., A Victim-Centered Approach. Retrieved June 7, 2017, from LINK

[108] Oregon Attorney General’s Sexual Assault Task Force, 2009, Sexual Assault Response Team: SART Handbook: Version III. Retrieved March 31, 2017, from LINK

[109] Oregon Attorney General’s Sexual Assault Task Force, 2009, Sexual Assault Response Team: SART Handbook: Version III. Retrieved March 31, 2017, from LINK

[110] AEquitas, Urban Institute, and The Justice Management Institute, n.d., Model Response to Sexual Violence for Prosecutors (RSVP): An Invitation to Lead. Retrieved June 27, 2107, from LINK

[111] Rob Abercrombie, Ellen Harries, and Rachel Wharton, 2015, Systems Change: A Guide to What It Is and How to Do It, London, England: New Philanthropy Capital. Retrieved June 6, 2017, from LINK

[112] Rob Abercrombie, Ellen Harries, and Rachel Wharton, 2015, Systems Change: A Guide to What It Is and How to Do It, London, England: New Philanthropy Capital. Retrieved June 6, 2017, from LINK

[113] Merriam-Webster Dictionary, n.d., System. Retrieved March 25, 2017, from LINK

[114] Megan Greeson and Rebecca Campbell, 2013, “Sexual Assault Response Teams (SARTs): An Empirical Review of their Effectiveness and Challenges to Successful Implementation,” Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 14(2): 83–95.

National Sexual Violence Resource Center, 2006, Report on the National Needs Assessment of Sexual Assault Response Teams. Retrieved June 30, 2017, from LINK

[115] Justin Fenton, June 27, 2010, “City Rape Statistics, Investigations Draw Concern,” The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved June 5, 2017, from LINK

[116] Kristen Jordan Shamus, April 1, 2017, “What Happened to Detroit’s Untested Rape Kits?” Detroit Free Press. Retrieved June 30, 2017, from LINK

Laura Strickler, July 26 2011, “Serial Killer Convicted, but Botched Case Holds Lessons for Police,” CBS News. Retrieved April 3, 2017, from LINK

[117] U.S. Department of Justice, February 14, 2014, The United States’ Investigation of the Missoula County Attorney’s Office. Retrieved June 30, 2017, from LINK

[118] Kimberly A. Lonsway and Joanne Archambault, 2012, “The ‘Justice Gap’ for Sexual Assault Cases: Future Directions for Research and Reform,” Violence Against Women18(2): 145–168.

[119] Cora Peterson, Sarah DeGue, Curtis Florence, and Colby N. Lokey, 2017, “Lifetime Economic Burden of Rape Among U.S. Adults,” American Journal of Preventive Medicine52(6): 691–701. Retrieved June 22, 2017, from LINK

[120] Jessica E. Mindlin and Susan H. Vickers, 2008, Beyond the Criminal Justice System: Using the Law to Help Restore the Lives of Sexual Assault Victims, Boston, MA: Victim Rights Law Center. Retrieved March 24, 2017, from LINK

[121] Gerd Bohner, Friederike Eyssel, Afroditi Pina, Frank Siebler, and G. Tendayi Viki, 2009, “Rape Myth Acceptance: Cognitive, Affective and Behavioural Effects of Beliefs that Blame the Victim and Exonerate the Perpetrator,” in Miranda A. H. Horvath and Jennifer M. Brown (eds.), Rape: Challenging Contemporary Thinking, 17-45. Cullompton, UK: Willan. Retrieved March 20, 2018, from LINK

Stacy Futter and Walter Mebane Jr., 2001, "The Effects of Rape Law Reform on Rape Case Processing," Berkeley Women's Law Journal16: 72, 173. Retrieved July 17, 2019 from LINK

[122] Stephen J. Schulhofer, 1998, Unwanted Sex: The Culture of Intimidation and the Failure of the Law, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2.

Sarah McMahon and Karen Baker, 2011, Changing Perceptions of Sexual Violence Over Time, Harrisburg, PA: VAWnet. Retrieved February 28, 2018, from LINK

[123] Jennifer Cole and, T. K. Logan, 2010, “Interprofessional Collaboration on Sexual Assault Response Teams (SART): The Role of Victim Alcohol Use and a Partner-Perpetrator,” Journal of Interpersonal Violence25(2): 336–357.

[124] Patricia Tjaden and Nancy Thoennes, 1998, Prevalence, Incidence, and Consequences of Violence Against Women: Findings From the National Violence Against Women Survey ,Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice. Retrieved January 4, 2017, from LINK

[125] David P. Bryden and Sonja Lengnick, 1997, "Rape in the Criminal Justice System," Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology87(4): 1194, 1196–1384.

[126] David P. Bryden and Sonja Lengnick, 1997, "Rape in the Criminal Justice System," Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology87(4): 1194, 1196–1384.

Susan Estrich, 1987, Real Rape,Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press ,42–43.

[127] Victim Rights Law Center, 2008, Beyond the Criminal Justice System: Using the Law to Help Restore the Lives of Sexual Assault Victims: A Practical Guide for Attorneys and Advocates, Boston, MA: Author, 10. Retrieved February 28, 2018, from LINK

[128] National Sexual Violence Resource Center, n.d., SART Histories. Retrieved April 30, 2018, from LINK

[129] Steven D. Walker and Dean G. Kilpatrick, 2002, "Scope of Crime/Historical Review of the Victims' Rights Discipline," National Victim Assistance Academy Textbook,Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office for Victims of Crime. Retrieved January 4, 2017, from LINK

[130] Jean Morgan, August 3, 1974, "Rape Treatment Center Opens at St. Luke's," The Johnson County Sun.

[131] Paula Chun, 1978, The Development of the Sex Abuse Treatment, Kapiolani-Children's Medical Center. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Western Branch of the American Public Health Association, Honolulu, Hawaii.

[132] Personal communication, Chris Linder, Director, Women's Programs and Studies, Colorado State University.

[133] Personal communication, Kathryn Monson, Community Abuse Prevention Services Agency.

[134] Ronald Reagan, April 23, 1982, Executive Order 12360—President's Task Force on Victims of Crime.Retrieved April 27, 2018, from LINK

[135] Linda L. Dahlberg and James A. Mercy, 2009, History of Violence as a Public Health Issue. Retrieved January 4, 2017, from LINK

[136] Margie Peterson, 2011, “Murder at Lehigh University Shocked the Nation 25 Years Ago,” Emmaus Patch. Retrieved March 38, 2017, from LINK

[137] Indian Country Child Trauma Center, n.d., History of Federal Victim Assistance Services and Programs in Indian Country.Retrieved June 5, 2017, from LINK

[138] Marilyn Peterson, 2001, California Sexual Assault Response Team (SART) Manual. Sacramento, CA: California Coalition Against Sexual Assault.

[139] Connie Monahan and New Mexico Coalition of Sexual Assault Programs ,2004, A SANE Strategic Plan for New Mexico, Albuquerque NM: New Mexico Coalition of Sexual Assault Programs.

[140] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016, About the CDC-Kaiser ACE Study. Retrieved April 30, 2018, from LINK

[141] Vincent J. Felitti, Robert F. Anda, Dale Nordenberg, David F. Williamson, Alison M. Spitz, Valerie Edwards, Mary P. Koss, and James S. Marks, 1998, “Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study,” American Journal of Preventive Medicine14(4): 245-258.

Charles L. Whitfield, Robert F. Anda, Santa R. Dube, and Vincent J. Felitti, 2003, “ Violent Childhood Experiences and the Risk of Intimate Partner Violence in Adults: Assessment in a Large Health Maintenance Organization,” Journal of Interpersonal Violence18(2):166–185.

Katie A. Ports, Derek C. Ford, and Melissa T. Merric, 2016, “ Adverse childhood experiences and adult sexual victimization,” Child Abuse & Neglect51: 313-322.

[142] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015, About Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Survey ACE Data, Retrieved April 30, 2018, from LINK

[143] Personal communication, Kathy Bell, RN, Director, Tulsa (OK), SANE Program, January 2006.

[144] Personal communication, Angie Ellis, Forensic Nurses Association of Alaska, Fairbanks Memorial Hospital, December 2005.

[145] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015, Timeline of Violence as a Public Health Problem. Retrieved January 4, 2017, from LINK

[146] Personal communication, Doreen Fournier Merrill, Public Policy and Member Services Coordinator, Maine Coalition Against Sexual Assault.

[147] Lisa Sacco, 2015, The Violence Against Woman Act: Overview, Legislation, and Federal Funding, Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. Retrieved December 15, 2016, from LINK

[148] Rape, Abuse and Incest National Network, n.d., Campus SaVE Act. Retrieved March 31, 2017, from LINK

[149] 20 U.S. Code § 1092 - Institutional and financial assistance information for students. Retrieved June 6, 2017, from LINK

[150] Rape, Abuse and Incest National Network, n.d., SAFER Act. Retrieved March 31, 2017, from LINK

[151] U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2014, “Rape,” Uniform Crime Report: Crime in the United States, 2013.” Retrieved October 27, 2016, from LINK

[152] Kristen Little, 2013, A National Protocol for Sexual Assault Medical Forensic Examination: Adults/Adolescents, Second Edition, Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office on Violence Against Women, 48. Retrieved October 27, 2016, from LINK

[153] End Violence Against Women International, n.d ., Does It Violate a Patient’s Privacy Rights When a Health Care Provider Calls Out a Victim Advocate?Retrieved January 4, 2017, from LINK

[154] Rape Exam Payments - 42 USC § 3796gg-4 (2016). Retrieved February 10, 2017, from LINK

[155] National Task Force to End Sexual and Domestic Violence Against Women, n.d., The Violence Against Women and Department of Justice Reauthorization Act of 2005 H.R. 3402. Retrieved July 20, 2017, from LINK

[156] Personal communication Suzanne Moore and Kristina Heick, Sexual Assault Prevention and Response, 99th Air Base Wing, Nellis AFB, Nevada, August 2006.

[157] Personal communication, Shauna Boliker, Chief, Sex Crimes Division, Cook County SART Team, Illinois.

[158] White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault, 2015, Building Partnerships Among Law Enforcement Agencies, Colleges and Universities: Developing a Memorandum of Understanding to Prevent and Respond Effectively to Sexual Assaults at Colleges and Universities.Retrieved March 24, 2017, from LINK

[159] The Obama White House, 2014, 1 is 2 Many PSA: 60 Second. Retrieved March 24, 2017, from LINK