Sexual Victimization of Men: What the Research Says
Annotated Bibliography

This annotated bibliography provides descriptions of recent research related 
to sexual victimization of men. It provides an overview of sexual assault, 
harassment, and abuse experienced by diverse populations of men in a variety 
of settings. These publications can assist advocates, medical professionals, 
law enforcement officials, and other service providers in identifying men who 
may be vulnerable to sexual violence and addressing gaps in services for survivors. 
Research is limited on men who have survived sexual violence. There are gaps in 
the research on men of color (especially those who are Asian American, Pacific 
Islander, and Native American/Alaska Native) and transgender men. More research 
is needed to fill these gaps. 

I. General

French, B. H., Tilghman, J. D., & Malebranche, D. A. (2015). Sexual coercion context 
and psychosocial correlates among diverse males. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 
16(1), 42–53. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035915

This study explored the prevalence of sexual coercion experiences among adolescent 
boys and young adult men. Out of a sample of 284 adolescent and young adult males 
(ages 14-26), 43% of respondents reported experiencing a form of sexual coercion, 
most commonly verbal pressure and unwanted behaviors. Most reported perpetrators 
of sexual coercion were female. The study highlights the frequency of sexual coercion 
victimization among young men and the need for tailored prevention and intervention 
resources.

Ioannou, M., Hammond, L., & Machin, L. (2017). Male-on-male sexual assault: Victim, 
offender and offence characteristics. Journal of Investigative Psychology and 
Offender Profiling, 14(2), 189–209. https://doi.org/10.1002/jip.1483

This article reviews 15 studies about male-on-male sexual assault published between 1980 
and 2014, drawing data from a total of 5,112 sexual assault cases. The review finds that, 
according to studies that documented victim and offender demographics, the majority of 
both victims and offenders of male-on-male sexual violence are Caucasian and heterosexual. 
Studies that included information on the victim-offender relationship revealed that 
approximately two-thirds of cases involved offenders and victims who knew each other. 
Physical violence, verbal threats, and weapon use were common. The authors highlight 
the need for more in-depth research on male-on-male sexual violence, especially research 
involving representative, population-based samples and research on people who offend.

Peterson, Z. D., Beagley, M. C., McCallum, E. B., & Artime, T. M. (2019). Sexual 
attitudes and behaviors among men who are victims, perpetrators, or both victims 
and perpetrators of adult sexual assault. Psychology of Violence, 9(2), 221–234. 
https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000187

This study explored the relationship between childhood sexual victimization, 
sexual victimization in adulthood, and sexual assault perpetration in men. Out of a 
sample of 268 adult men (76.5% white, 85.8% heterosexual), 16.8% of respondents 
indicated that they had experienced sexual assault in adulthood, 31.7% indicated 
that they experienced childhood sexual abuse before age 14, and 16.8% indicated that 
they had perpetrated adult sexual assault at least once. Victims of adult sexual 
assault (ASA) were more likely to be perpetrators than respondents who did not 
experience sexual victimization in adulthood (48.9% versus 10.3%). Men who were 
both victims and perpetrators of ASA were more likely to report experiencing 
childhood sexual abuse than men who were only victims, only perpetrators, or neither 
victims nor perpetrators.

Stop Street Harassment. (2018). The facts behind the #metoo movement: A national 
study on sexual harassment and assault. Stop Street Harassment. 
http://www.stopstreetharassment.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Full-Report-2018-National-
Study-on-Sexual-Harassment-and-Assault.pdf

This nationally representative study explored the nature and prevalence of sexual 
harassment and sexual assault among diverse groups in the U.S. An online survey of 
2,009 adults (996 women and 1,013 men) revealed that most women (81%) and a 
significant portion of men (43%) had experienced sexual harassment or sexual assault. 
The report details rates of verbal sexual harassment, physically aggressive sexual 
harassment, cyber harassment, and sexual assault among both men and women. Men in 
marginalized groups (such as Hispanic men, men with disabilities, men living below 
the poverty level, men in rural areas, and gay and bisexual men) were more likely to 
report experiencing sexual harassment than other men. 

Kearl, H., Johns, N. E., & Raj, A. (2019). Measuring #MeToo: A national study on sexual 
harassment and assault. Stop Street Harassment. http://www.stopstreetharassment.org/wp-
content/uploads/2012/08/2019-MeToo-National-Sexual-Harassment-and-Assault-Report.pdf

This follow-up to the 2018 national survey gauged experiences of sexual harassment among 
a nationally representative sample of 2,219 adults (1,182 women and 1,037 men). 
Victimization was a common experience among respondents, with 81% of women and 43% 
of men reporting that they experienced some form of sexual harassment or sexual assault 
during their lives. These rates are the same as those in the 2018 study. For both 
men and women, sexual harassment often took place in public locations, and the most frequent 
perpetrator was a stranger. Being subject to slurs that were homophobic or transphobic 
was the only type of harassment that men experienced more frequently than women.

II. Adult Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse

Lindberg, L. D., Maddow-Zimet, I., & Marcell, A. V. (2019). Prevalence of sexual initiation 
before age 13 years among male adolescents and young adults in the United States. 
JAMA Pediatrics, 173(6), 553–560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.0458
 
Using data from the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) and the National Survey 
of Family Growth (NSFG), this study sought to measure the prevalence of sexual intercourse 
before age 13 among adolescent boys. Among respondents ages 18-24 who experienced their 
first sexual intercourse before age 13, approximately half (54.6%) described the experience 
as wanted, 8.5% as unwanted, and 37% had mixed feelings about the experience. The article 
concludes that sex education and sexual/reproductive health care must be timed in such a 
way as to reach boys at young ages, and that helping parents, schools, and communities 
support boys' healthy sexual development must be a priority.

Ports, K. A., Lee, R. D., Raiford, J., Spikes, P., Manago, C., & Wheeler, D. P. (2017). 
Adverse childhood experiences and health and wellness outcomes among black men who 
have sex with men. Journal of Urban Health, 94(3), 375–383. 
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-017-0146-1

This study probes the correlation between adverse childhood experiences and 
self-reported mental and physical health among African American men who have sex 
with men (MSM). Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) were widely reported in a 
sample of 536 African American MSM, with almost 90% of respondents indicating that 
they experienced at least one ACE. More than a third (36.3%) of respondents reported 
experiencing childhood sexual abuse. Higher ACE scores predicted poor self-reported 
mental health, but only childhood physical neglect and household substance abuse 
predicted self-reported poor physical health. The relationship between ACEs and HIV 
status was not significant. The authors argue that adult health interventions should 
incorporate trauma-informed approaches in light of the relationship between ACEs 
and negative health outcomes.

Scheidell, J. D., Kumar, P. C., Campion, T., Quinn, K., Beharie, N., McGorray, S. 
P., & Khan, M. R. (2017). Child sexual abuse and HIV-related substance use and 
sexual risk across the life course among males and females. Journal of Child Sexual 
Abuse, 26(5), 519–534. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2017.1319004

This study draws data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult 
Health to explore the relationship between child sexual abuse, substance use, and 
high-risk sexual behaviors among men and women. Out of a sample of 11,820 subjects 
(5,328 men and 6,492 women) surveyed throughout adolescence and adulthood, 9.8% 
of women and 6.7% of men reported experiencing childhood sexual abuse. Victims 
of sexual abuse were more likely than non-victims to report using cocaine and 
methamphetamine. Men with histories of sexual abuse were more likely to report 
sex with multiple partners, and victims of both sexes were more likely to report 
sex trade involvement.

Topitzes, J., Pate, D. J., Berman, N. D., & Medina-Kirchner, C. (2016). Adverse 
childhood experiences, health, and employment: A study of men seeking job services. 
Child Abuse & Neglect, 61, 23–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.09.012

This study looked at the connection between adverse childhood experiences, health, 
and barriers to employment among low-income men. Out of a sample of 199 mostly 
African American adolescents and adult men (ages 16-63), significant percentages 
of respondents reported experiencing childhood abuse, neglect, and/or household 
dysfunction. Childhood sexual abuse was common, with 21.6% of respondents indicating 
that they had experienced sexual abuse. Greater numbers of adverse childhood 
experiences were correlated with low general health, tobacco use, drug abuse, 
depression, anxiety, and employment problems. The authors conclude that early trauma 
and toxic stress contribute to joblessness among African American men.

Voith, L. A., Anderson, R. E., & Cahill, S. P. (2020). Extending the ACEs framework: 
Examining the relations between childhood abuse and later victimization and perpetration
with college men. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 35(17-18), 3487-3512.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517708406

This study of 423 mostly white undergraduate men examined the correlation between 
childhood victimization, victimization during adulthood, and perpetration of violence 
during adulthood. Men who reported experiencing childhood physical and sexual abuse 
were more likely to indicate that they experienced adult sexual victimization. Men who 
indicated they experienced childhood sexual abuse were also more likely to report 
perpetrating physical and sexual violence against intimate partners in adulthood. 
The authors argue that because college men are at risk for both victimization and 
perpetration, prevention programs should address male victimization.

Williams, J. K., Wilton, L., Magnus, M., Wang, L., Wang, J., Dyer, T. P., Koblin, 
B. A., Hucks-Ortiz, C., Fields, S. D., Shoptaw, S., Stephenson, R., O’Cleirigh, 
C., Cummings, V., & HIV Prevention Trials Network 061 Study Team. (2015). 
Relation of childhood sexual abuse, intimate partner violence, and depression to 
risk factors for HIV among black men who have sex with men in 6 U.S. cities. American 
Journal of Public Health, 105(12), 2473–2481. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302878

This study probed the relationship between HIV risk behaviors, childhood sexual 
abuse, and intimate partner violence among African American men who have sex with 
men (MSM). A survey of 1,522 African American MSM from six cities found that 58.7% 
of respondents had sexual contact before age 12 with someone five or more years older, 
30% had unwanted sex between ages 12-16, and 22.3% had been pressured or forced into 
sex by an intimate partner. Childhood sexual victimization was correlated with HIV 
risk behaviors such as condomless anal intercourse and sex with multiple partners. 
The authors note that the relationship between victimization and high-risk sexual 
behaviors should be considered within HIV prevention programs for African American MSM.

III. Alcohol and Drugs

Snipes, D. J., Green, B. A., Benotsch, E. G., & Perrin, P. B. (2014). The non-medical 
use of prescription drugs and lifetime experiences of sexual victimization among college 
men. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 29(13), 2482–2496. 
https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260513520229

This study examined the relationship between sexual victimization, prescription drug abuse, 
and illicit drug use among college men. Out of a sample of 253 undergraduate men, 
23.3% reported experiencing unwanted sexual contact, 22.5% reported experiencing 
attempted sexual victimization, and 17% reported experiencing completed sexual victimization. 
Men who experienced sexual victimization were more likely to report lifetime non-medical 
use of prescription sedatives and various illicit drugs.

Snipes, D. J., Green, B. A., Javier, S. J., Perrin, P. B., & Benotsch, E. G. (2014). 
The use of alcohol mixed with energy drinks and experiences of sexual victimization among 
male and female college students. Addictive Behaviors, 39(1), 259–264. 
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.10.005

This study sought data on the prevalence of sexual victimization and its relationship to 
the consumption of alcohol mixed with energy drinks among college men and women. Out of 
a sample of 798 undergraduate students (253 men and 545 women), 17% of men and 31.2% of 
women indicated that they experienced sexual victimization in their lifetime. Higher 
consumption of alcohol mixed with energy drinks was correlated with lifetime sexual 
victimization among men but not women.

IV. Disabilities

Basile, K. C., Breiding, M. J., & Smith, S. G. (2016). Disability and risk of recent 
sexual violence in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 106(5), 928–933. 
https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2015.303004

This study uses data from the 2010 National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey, 
a nationally representative telephone survey of U.S. adults on intimate partner and sexual 
violence victimization of both men and women. About 20% of men reported a disability for more 
than one year; of those, almost half (45.9%) of men were 55 years old or older. This study 
found that people with a disability were at increased risk for sexual violence when 
compared to those without a disability. Men with a disability were at an increased risk 
for experiencing sexual violence other than rape compared with men without a disability. 
Specifically, men with a disability were at an increased risk for being made to penetrate a 
perpetrator, experiencing sexual coercion, and having noncontact unwanted sexual experiences.
 
Mitra, M., Mouradian, V. E., Fox, M. H., & Pratt, C. (2015). Prevalence and characteristics 
of sexual violence against men with disabilities. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 
50(3), 311–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.07.030

This study examines the prevalence of sexual violence among men and women with physical 
or mental disabilities, using data from the 2005-2007 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance 
System. The study found that men with disabilities were slightly more likely than men 
without disabilities to report experiencing lifetime sexual violence (8.8% versus 6%). 
The authors observe that disability status should be included as a demographic factor 
in future sexual violence research, and that health care providers should screen both 
men and women with disabilities for sexual victimization.

Platt, L., Powers, L., Leotti, S., Hughes, R. B., Robinson-Whelen, S., Osburg, S., 
Ashkenazy, E., Beers, L., Lund, E. M., Nicolaidis, C., & the Partnering with People 
with Disabilities to Address Violence Consortium. (2017). The role of gender in violence 
experienced by adults with developmental disabilities. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 
32(1), 101–129. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260515585534

This study sought data on the nature and prevalence of childhood and adulthood abuse against 
persons with developmental disabilities. Out of a sample of 350 adults with developmental 
disabilities, substantial percentages of respondents reported experiencing medical, emotional, 
physical, or sexual abuse during childhood, with 31.5% of men and 37.4% of women reporting 
some form of childhood sexual abuse. Additionally, substantial percentages of respondents 
reported experiencing medical, financial, emotional, physical, or sexual abuse during adulthood, 
with 14.9% of men and 33.7% of women reporting adult sexual victimization. Family members, 
spouses/romantic partners, and acquaintances were among the most frequently reported by 
survivors to have perpetrated abuse. The authors acknowledge the lack of victim services 
for men with disabilities and the importance of abuse screening in health care settings 
for people with developmental disabilities.

V. Armed Conflict

Kapur, A., & Muddell, K. (2016). When no one calls it rape: Addressing sexual violence against 
men and boys in transitional contexts. International Center for Transitional Justice. 
https://www.ictj.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ_Report_SexualViolenceMen_2016.pdf

This report observes that countries have been inconsistent in their responses to sexual 
violence against men and boys in armed conflict. Lack of awareness of male victims and 
under-reporting of sexual violence against males contributes to the problem. The report 
argues that transitional justice bodies — including truth commissions, reparation programs, 
and courts — must develop greater awareness of and more robust responses to wartime sexual 
violence against male victims.

Misra, A. (2015). The landscape of silence: Sexual violence against men in war. 
Oxford University Press.

This book discusses the history of sexual violence against men and boys in armed conflict 
and explores the sexual and gender dynamics that frame male-on-male predation during war. 
Misra describes the psychosocial impact of sexual violence on male victims, perpetrator 
and society attitudes toward victims, and legal issues surrounding sexual violence in 
armed conflict.

VI. Campus

Allen, C. T., Ridgeway, R., & Swan, S. C. (2015). College students' beliefs regarding 
help seeking for male and female sexual assault survivors: Even less support for male 
survivors. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 24(1), 102–115. 
https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2015.982237

This study drew responses from 475 undergraduate students regarding perceived barriers to 
reporting and help-seeking among both male and female sexual assault victims. Respondents 
believed that male survivors faced more barriers than female victims to reporting and 
help-seeking on campus, and that campus victim resources were more helpful for female 
victims than male victims. The authors argue that institutions of higher education must 
provide supportive environments and approachable services for male victims.

Budd, K. M., Rocque, M., & Bierie, D. M. (2017). Deconstructing incidents of campus 
sexual assault: Comparing male and female victimizations. Sexual Abuse, 31(3), 296–317. 
https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063217706708 

This study seeks to address gaps in the research literature on campus sexual assaults 
involving male victims. An analysis of 5,476 campus sexual assaults drawn from the 
National Incident-Based Reporting System found that 6% of cases involved male victims. 
Approximately half of the people who perpetrated against men were acquaintances of the 
victim, and more than half of cases with male victims involved a weapon. Forcible fondling 
(64%) and forcible sodomy (25%) were the most common types of campus sexual assault 
perpetrated against male victims. The authors remind policy-makers that men can be victims 
of campus sexual assault and encourage them to plan prevention and response strategies accordingly.

VII. Military

Brignone, E., Gundlapalli, A. V., Blais, R. K., Carter, M. E., Suo, Y., Samore, M. H., Kimerling, 
R., & Fargo, J. D. (2016). Differential risk for homelessness among U.S. male and female veterans 
with a positive screen for military sexual trauma. JAMA Psychiatry, 73(6), 582–589. 
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.0101

This study explored the connection between military sexual trauma and homelessness among U.S. 
veterans. Out of a sample of mostly male veterans who had used Veterans Health Administration 
services between FY 2004 and 2013, 3.3% screened positive for military sexual trauma at the 
study's five-year follow-up. Both men and women who screened positive for military sexual 
trauma were more likely than those who screened negative to be homeless at the 30-day, 
one-year, and five-year follow-ups. The authors highlight the importance of trauma-informed 
care and interventions for victims of military sexual trauma.

Gurung, S., Ventuneac, A., Rendina, H. J., Savarese, E., Grov, C., & Parsons, J. T. (2018). 
Prevalence of military sexual trauma and sexual orientation discrimination among lesbian, gay, 
bisexual, and transgender military personnel: A descriptive study. Sexuality Research and 
Social Policy, 15(1), 74–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-017-0311-z

This study drew data from 253 U.S. service members (89 women and 164 men) who identified as 
lesbian, gay, or bisexual. The study found that significant percentages of both men and women 
experienced gender harassment, sexual harassment, and sexual coercion, with 83% of lesbian and 
bisexual women and 74% of gay and bisexual men reporting at least one incident of military 
sexual trauma. The authors suggest that future research on anti-LGBT discrimination and military 
sexual trauma should devote attention to all service members regardless of gender.

Mondragon, S. A., Wang, D., Pritchett, L., Graham, D. P., Plasencia, M. L., & Teng, E. J. (2015). 
The influence of military sexual trauma on returning OEF/OIF male veterans. Psychological Services, 
12(4), 402–411. https://doi.org/10.1037/ser0000050

Out of a sample of 961 male veterans who completed at least one tour of active duty in Iraq 
or Afghanistan, 173 respondents (18%) reported experiencing military sexual trauma, ranging 
from sexual harassment to sexual coercion and assault. Victims of military sexual trauma were 
more likely than non-victims to have mood disorder diagnoses (41.4% versus 33.5%) and other 
anxiety diagnoses (24.1% versus 18.7%). Military sexual trauma was a significant predictor of 
lower social support. The authors note that therapy for male victims of military sexual trauma 
may produce beneficial outcomes, and that additional research on male military sexual trauma 
is needed.

VIII. Incarceration

Ratkalkar, M., & Atkin-Plunk, C. A. (2020). Can I ask for help? The relationship among 
incarcerated males' sexual orientation, sexual abuse history, and perceptions of rape in prison. 
Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 35(19-20), 4117–4140. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517714440

This study gauged beliefs about the threat of prison rape and need for mental health services 
among incarcerated men. Out of a sample of 409 adult male inmates incarcerated in 23 maximum-security 
prisons, 21.3% believe that "rape is a big threat in prison." Gay and bisexual respondents, and 
respondents who experienced sexual victimization during childhood, were more likely to believe that 
rape was a threat. Gay and bisexual respondents, respondents who experienced childhood sexual abuse, 
and African American inmates were significantly more likely to request mental health treatment while 
incarcerated. The authors conclude that sexual orientation and a history of childhood sexual abuse are 
significant predictors of the perception that rape is a threat and requests for mental health treatment 
in prison.

Rowell-Cunsolo, T. L., Harrison, R. J., & Haile, R. (2014). Exposure to prison sexual assault among 
incarcerated Black men. Journal of African American Studies, 18(1), 54–62. 
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12111-013-9253-6

This study sought data on the prevalence of sexual assault exposure (but not sexual victimization) 
among African American men in prison. Out of a sample of 143 African American men incarcerated in 
a maximum-security correctional facility, 43% indicated that they had heard at least one of their 
fellow inmates being sexually assaulted, and 16% indicated that they had witnessed a sexual assault 
while incarcerated. Exposure to sexual assault was not significantly correlated with demographic 
characteristics such as age, education, or offense committed.

IX. Men of Color

Levine, E. C., Martinez, O., Mattera, B., Wu, E., Arreola, S., Rutledge, S. E., Newman, B., Icard, 
L., Muρoz-Laboy, M., Hausmann-Stabile, C., Welles, S., Rhodes, S. D., Dodge, B. M., Alfonso, S., 
Fernandez, M. I., & Carballo-Diιguez, A. (2017). Child sexual abuse and adult mental health, sexual 
risk behaviors, and drinking patterns among Latino men who have sex with men. Journal of Child Sexual 
Abuse, 27(3), 237-253. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2017.1343885

This study delved into the relationship between childhood sexual abuse, depression, alcohol use, and 
sexual behaviors among Latino men who have sex with men (MSM). Out of a sample of 176 Latino MSM from 
New York City, more than one fifth (22.16%) indicated that they had experienced childhood sexual abuse. 
Victims of childhood sexual abuse were more likely to report heavy drinking, clinically significant 
depression symptoms, and a greater frequency of high-risk sexual behaviors (i.e., sex with more partners, 
condomless anal intercourse). The authors stress the importance of culturally appropriate programming 
related to mental health, substance abuse, and sexual risk behaviors for MSM with sexual abuse histories.

Rosay, A. B. (2016). Violence against American Indian and Alaska Native women and men: 2010 findings from 
the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NCJ 249736). National Criminal Justice Reference 
Service. https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/249736.pdf

Drawing data from the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS), this report charts the 
prevalence of intimate partner violence, intimate partner psychological aggression, sexual violence, and 
stalking victimization among Native Americans and Alaska Natives. Out of 2,473 women and 1,505 men who 
identified as American Indian or Alaska Native, over half of female respondents (56.1%) and a quarter of 
male respondents (27.5%) indicated that they had experienced sexual violence in their lifetime. Moreover, 
14.4% of women and 9.9% of men indicated that they experienced sexual violence during the previous year. 
Native American and Alaskan Native respondents were significantly more likely than their non-Hispanic 
white counterparts to have experienced violent victimization and to have encountered barriers to services, 
highlighting the need for more victim services for this population.

Tran, A., Lin, L., Nehl, E. J., Talley, C. L., Dunkle, K. L., & Wong, F. Y. (2014). Prevalence of substance 
use and intimate partner violence in a sample of A/PI MSM. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 29(11), 
2054–2067. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260513516006

This study explored the prevalence of physical, psychological, and sexual intimate partner violence among 
Asian American and Pacific Islander men who have sex with men (A/PI MSM). Out of 412 A/PI MSM, 29.1% 
indicated that they had experienced intimate partner violence from a same-gender partner at some point 
in the past five years. With regard to sexual victimization, 11.9% of respondents reported being forced 
to have sex by a same-sex partner. Victims of intimate partner violence were more likely than non-victims 
to report substance use in the previous twelve months. These findings highlight the need for culturally 
sensitive services for MSM who experience intimate partner violence. 

Walsh, K., Koenen, K. C., Aiello, A. E., Uddin, M., & Galea, S. (2014). Prevalence of sexual violence 
and posttraumatic stress disorder in an urban African-American population. Journal of Immigrant and 
Minority Health, 16(6), 1307–1310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-013-9840-6

This article used data from the 2008-2009 Detroit Neighborhood Health Study to explore the relationship 
between sexual victimization and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among African American adults. 
Out of a sample of 1,306 African Americans residing in Detroit (761 women and 545 men), 26.3% of women 
and 5.1% of men indicated that they had experienced sexual assault or rape at some point in their lives.
Victims of sexual violence were four times more likely to exhibit PTSD than non-victims.

X. Gay, Bisexual, and Queer Men

Duncan, D. T., Goedel, W. C., Stults, C. B., Brady, W. J., Brooks, F. A. Blakely, J. S., & Hagen, D. 
(2017). A study of intimate partner violence, substance abuse, and sexual risk behaviors among gay, 
bisexual, and other men who have sex with men in a sample of geosocial-networking smartphone application 
users. American Journal of Men's Health, 12(2), 292–301. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988316631964

This study explores the connection between intimate partner violence, substance use, and high-risk 
sexual behaviors among gay men, bisexual men, and other men who have sex with men who use geosocial-
networking smartphone applications. A total of 175 adult male respondents were recruited for a study 
by means of broadcast advertisements on Grindr. Over a third (37.7%) of respondents reported experiencing 
some form of intimate partner violence during their lives, with 11.4% indicating that they had 
experienced intimate partner sexual victimization. Intimate partner violence victimization was correlated 
with a higher number of sexual partners and a higher number of partners with whom condoms were not used, 
as well as a slightly greater likelihood of engaging in illicit drug use.

Pantalone, D. W., Horvath, K. J., Hart, T. A., Valentine, S. E., & Kaysen, D. L. (2015). Traumatic 
revictimization of men who have sex with men living with HIV/AIDS. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 
30(9), 1459–1477. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260514540802

This study examined revictimization experiences among HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM) in 
Seattle, Washington. Out of a sample of 166 HIV-positive MSM receiving services at HIV health care 
clinics, substantial percentages of respondents reported experiencing childhood abuse, adult abuse, 
and intimate partner violence during the past year. Specific to sexual victimization, 70.8% reported 
experiencing childhood sexual abuse, 52.6% reported experiencing adult sexual abuse, and 18.7% reported 
experiencing intimate partner sexual abuse during the past year. Survivors of childhood physical, 
psychological, and sexual abuse were more likely to report experiencing physical, psychological, and 
sexual abuse in adulthood.

Wegner, R., & Davis, K. C. (2020). How men's sexual assault victimization experiences differ based 
on their sexual history. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 35(13-14), 2624-2633. 
https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517703374

This study compared sexual victimization experienced between men who have sex with women (MSW) and 
men who have sex with both women and men (MSW/M). Out of a sample of 311 young men (ages 21-30), 
82.7% indicated that they had sex exclusively with women, and 17.3% indicated that they had sex 
with both women and men. Two-fifths of respondents (43.4%) reported experiencing sexual assault 
since age 14. MSW/M were more likely than MSW to report that they had experienced sexual victimization 
(64.8% versus 38.9%). MSW/M were more likely than MSW to indicate that they experienced forcible rape, 
that they had been victimized by men only, or that they had been victimized by both men and women. 
The authors emphasize the importance of sexual assault prevention programming that teaches the 
importance of consent to both men and women, as well as the need for sexual assault services that 
are sensitive to the needs of MSW/M.

XI. Transgender Men

Peitzmeier, S. M., Hughto, J. M., Potter, J., Deutsch, M. D., & Reisner, S. L. (2019). Development of a 
novel tool to assess intimate partner violence against transgender individuals. Journal of Interpersonal 
Violence, 34(11), 2376–2397. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260519827660

This study on intimate partner violence drew data from 150 female-to-male transmasculine adults who 
enrolled in a clinical trial testing a self-administered cervical cancer screening. Over one-third of 
respondents (38.9%) indicated that they had experienced intimate partner violence at some point in 
their lives, and 10.1% at some point in the past year. Over half (51%) indicated that they had experienced 
sexual violence at the hands of an intimate partner. Commonly reported forms of intimate partner violence 
included coercive control over the respondents' gender presentation or transition, and comments framing 
transgender persons as undesirable partners. The authors argue that because intimate partner violence 
is prevalent among transmasculine individuals, it should be measured in research and clinical practice 
with transgender persons.

This project was supported by Grant No. 2016-TA-AX-K035 awarded by the Office on Violence Against Women, 
U.S. Department of Justice. The opinions, findings, conclusions, and recommendations expressed in this 
publication/program/exhibition are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the 
Department of Justice, Office on Violence Against Women.